## Writing a UPnP Client

## Introduction

This chapter explains how to write an application which fetches the external IP address from an UPnP-compliant modem. To do this a Control Point is created, which searches for services of the type `urn:schemas-upnp-org:service:WANIPConnection:1` (part of the Internet Gateway Device specification). As services are discovered Service Proxy objects are created by GUPnP to allow interaction with the service, on which we can invoke the action `GetExternalIPAddress` to fetch the external IP address.

## Finding Services

First, we initialize GUPnP and create a control point targeting the service type. Then we connect a signal handler so that we are notified when services we are interested in are found.

    #include <libgupnp/gupnp-control-point.h>

    static GMainLoop *main_loop;

    static void
    service_proxy_available_cb (GUPnPControlPoint *cp,
                                GUPnPServiceProxy *proxy,
                                gpointer           userdata)
    {
      /* … */
    }

    int
    main (int argc, char **argv)
    {
      GUPnPContext *context;
      GUPnPControlPoint *cp;

      /* Required initialisation */
      g_thread_init (NULL);
      g_type_init ();

      /* Create a new GUPnP Context.  By here we are using the default GLib main
         context, and connecting to the current machine's default IP on an
         automatically generated port. */
      context = gupnp_context_new (NULL, NULL, 0, NULL);

      /* Create a Control Point targeting WAN IP Connection services */
      cp = gupnp_control_point_new
        (context, "urn:schemas-upnp-org:service:WANIPConnection:1");

      /* The service-proxy-available signal is emitted when any services which match
         our target are found, so connect to it */
      g_signal_connect (cp,
    		    "service-proxy-available",
    		    G_CALLBACK (service_proxy_available_cb),
    		    NULL);

      /* Tell the Control Point to start searching */
      gssdp_resource_browser_set_active (GSSDP_RESOURCE_BROWSER (cp), TRUE);

      /* Enter the main loop. This will start the search and result in callbacks to
         service_proxy_available_cb. */
      main_loop = g_main_loop_new (NULL, FALSE);
      g_main_loop_run (main_loop);

      /* Clean up */
      g_main_loop_unref (main_loop);
      g_object_unref (cp);
      g_object_unref (context);

      return 0;
    }

## Invoking Actions

Now we have an application which searches for the service we specified and calls `service_proxy_available_cb` for each one it found. To get the external IP address we need to invoke the `GetExternalIPAddress` action. This action takes no in arguments, and has a single out argument called "NewExternalIPAddress". GUPnP has a set of methods to invoke actions (which will be very familiar to anyone who has used `dbus-glib`) where you pass a `NULL`-terminated varargs list of (name, GType, value) tuples for the in arguments, then a `NULL`-terminated varargs list of (name, GType, return location) tuples for the out arguments.

    static void
    service_proxy_available_cb (GUPnPControlPoint *cp,
                                GUPnPServiceProxy *proxy,
                                gpointer           userdata)
    {
      GError *error = NULL;
      char *ip = NULL;

      gupnp_service_proxy_send_action (proxy,
    				   /* Action name and error location */
    				   "GetExternalIPAddress", &error,
    				   /* IN args */
    				   NULL,
    				   /* OUT args */
    				   "NewExternalIPAddress",
    				   G_TYPE_STRING, &ip,
    				   NULL);

      if (error == NULL) {
        g_print ("External IP address is %s\n", ip);
        g_free (ip);
      } else {
        g_printerr ("Error: %s\n", error->message);
        g_error_free (error);
      }
      g_main_loop_quit (main_loop);
    }

Note that gupnp_service_proxy_send_action() blocks until the service has replied. If you need to make non-blocking calls then use gupnp_service_proxy_begin_action(), which takes a callback that will be called from the mainloop when the reply is received.

## Subscribing to state variable change notifications

It is possible to get change notifications for the service state variables that have attribute `sendEvents="yes"`. We'll demonstrate this by modifying `service_proxy_available_cb()` and using gupnp_service_proxy_add_notify() to setup a notification callback:

    static void
    external_ip_address_changed (GUPnPServiceProxy *proxy,
                                 const char        *variable,
                                 GValue            *value,
                                 gpointer           userdata)
    {
      g_print ("External IP address changed: %s\n", g_value_get_string (value));
    }

    static void
    service_proxy_available_cb (GUPnPControlPoint *cp,
                                GUPnPServiceProxy *proxy,
                                gpointer           userdata)
    {
      g_print ("Found a WAN IP Connection service\n");

      gupnp_service_proxy_set_subscribed (proxy, TRUE);
      if (!gupnp_service_proxy_add_notify (proxy,
                                           "ExternalIPAddress",
                                           G_TYPE_STRING,
                                           external_ip_address_changed,
                                           NULL)) {
        g_printerr ("Failed to add notify");
      }
    }

## Generating Wrappers

Using gupnp_service_proxy_send_action() and gupnp_service_proxy_add_notify () can become tedious, because of the requirement to specify the types and deal with GValues. An alternative is to use gupnp-binding-tool(1), which generates wrappers that hide the boilerplate code from you. Using a wrapper generated with prefix 'ipconn' would replace gupnp_service_proxy_send_action() with this code:

    ipconn_get_external_ip_address (proxy, &ip, &error);

State variable change notifications are friendlier with wrappers as well:

    static void
    external_ip_address_changed (GUPnPServiceProxy *proxy,
                                 const gchar       *external_ip_address,
                                 gpointer           userdata)
    {
      g_print ("External IP address changed: '%s'\n", external_ip_address);
    }

    static void
    service_proxy_available_cb (GUPnPControlPoint *cp,
                                GUPnPServiceProxy *proxy
                                gpointer           userdata)
    {
      g_print ("Found a WAN IP Connection service\n");

      gupnp_service_proxy_set_subscribed (proxy, TRUE);
      if (!ipconn_external_ip_address_add_notify (proxy,
                                                  external_ip_address_changed,
                                                  NULL)) {
        g_printerr ("Failed to add notify");
      }
    }